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The pizza effect is a term used especially in religious studies and sociology for the phenomenon of elements of a nation or people's culture being transformed or at least more fully embraced elsewhere, then re-imported back to their culture of origin,〔 〕 or the way in which a community's self-understanding is influenced by (or imposed by, or imported from) foreign sources.〔 It is named after the idea that modern pizza was developed among Italian immigrants in the United States (rather than in native Italy, where in its simpler form it was originally looked down upon), and was later exported back to Italy to be interpreted as a delicacy in Italian cuisine. Related phrases include "hermeneutical feedback loop", "re-enculturation", and "self-orientalization". The term "pizza effect" was coined by the Hindu monk and professor of Anthropology at Syracuse University, Agehananda Bharati〔〔〔Steven J. Rosen (Satyaraja Dasa), ("The Pizza Effect" ) (in the context of Krishna Consciousness) 〕 in 1970. The original examples given by Agehananda Bharati mostly had to do with popularity and status: * The Apu trilogy films of Satyajit Ray, which were flops in India before they were given prizes in Western countries and re-evaluated as classics of the Indian cinema〔 〕 * The popularity in India of movements like those of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and ISKCON based on their popularity in the west〔 * The popularity of yoga, several gurus, and some other Indian systems and teachings following their popularity in the west〔 〕 * The exalted status of the Bhagavad Gita in Hinduism, where, although it was always highly regarded, it gained its current prominence only following Western attempts to identify a single canonical "Hindu Bible"〔 ==Other examples== * Analyst Mark Sedgwick wrote that Islamist terrorism, and specifically suicide bombing, can be seen as examples, beginning as isolated interpretations of the concept of shahid, or martyrdom, then being re-exported to the greater Muslim world.〔 Mark Sedgwick (2007), (Islamist Terrorism and the “Pizza Effect” ), Perspectives on Terrorism, Volume I, Issue 6〕 * The founders of the Theosophical Society, Helena Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott, were influenced by Eastern religions, then placed their headquarters in Adyar, Chennai, from where they spread their views within India. * Similarly, Buddhist modernism or "Protestant Buddhism" was developed by Westerners, who according to scholar Stephen Jenkins, "mistook it for an indigenous Sri Lankan product", and they in turn influenced Sri Lankan Buddhist Anagarika Dharmapala, who, along with the Theosophical Society, was instrumental in spreading Buddhism in both India and the West.〔 〕 * According to scholar Kim Knott, Mahatma Gandhi "was not very interested in religion until he went to London to study law, where he studied the Bhagavad Gita in English in Sir Edwin Arnold's translation, and this deeply influenced his spiritual outlook."〔 * The influence of translations by the British-based Pali Text Society on South Asian Buddhism.〔 〕 * The religious thought of Ibn Rushd (Averroes), which was taken up by 19th-century Europeans such as Ernest Renan, and thereby regained popularity during the Nahda, the Islamic renaissance.〔 〕 * Chicken tikka masala, a dish created in Britain, based on Indian cooking, which then became popular in India.〔(Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech: Extracts from a speech by the foreign secretary to the Social Market Foundation in London ) (April 19, 2001). ''Guardian''.〕〔Anita Mannur, ''Culinary Fictions: Food in South Asian Diasporic Culture'' (2009). Temple University Press: p. 3.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pizza effect」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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